Suchergebnisse

Part 1 The Context of the Arab Spring. - 1 Western and Arab Theories of Revolution 7. - 2 Arab Revolutions and Counterrevolutions 21. - 3 Political Causes of the 2011 Uprisings 31. - 4 Economic and Social Causes of the 2011 Uprisings 47. - Part 2 Stages of the Tunisian Revolution. - 5 Fall of the Ancien Regime 67. - 6 From Dual Sovereignty to Restoration 93. - Part 3 Stages of the Egyptian Revolution. - 7 Fall of the Pharaoh 119. - 8 The Thermidorian Reaction 141. - 9 Dual Sovereignty 163. - 10 The Restoration 185. - Part 4 Paradoxes and Challenges. - 11 Counterrevolution from Abroad 209. - 12 Postrevolution Prospects 223. - Part 5 Conclusion. - 13 Revolutions Compared 243

Oil, arms, and Allah -- Making of the messenger -- Return of the messenger -- You came a long way -- Trust but verify -- Going all the way -- Strategic asset or strategic liability -- Mid-life crisis -- You go your way, I go my way -- Everybody has a price -- Wahhabi Islam at home and abroad -- The hunt for Wahhabis in America -- Just say no -- The search for new allies -- End of the special relationship -- The new strategic dialogue -- Acknowledgements

How governments silence foreign correspondents

Personal experiences with censorship are recounted to illustrate the problem of censorship of the press in the Third World. Third World countries frequently require journalists not to engage in investigations likely to discredit their governments. Journalists who violate this understanding may be banned from the countries, or may find it difficult to get interviews with government leaders. Access to means of communication may also be restricted. Such restrictions may be cyclical in character, getting tighter or looser as economic conditions decline or improve. W. H. Stoddard

Marina and David Ottaway have brought together fifty years of experience observing the Arab world, and a wealth of first-hand information gathered from living and travelling extensively in the region. 'A Tale of Four Worlds' is an indispensable analysis of the profound upheavals that have shaken - and continue to transform - Arab and global politics.

First came the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire following World War I; then, in the 1950s and '60s, the Nasser-inspired wave of Arab nationalism and socialism. The Arab world's third great political cataclysm of the past 100 years has also brought permanent changes, but not as its activists had hoped: the 2011 uprisings. Their consequences have differed greatly from area to area, splintering the Arab region into four different worlds. The Levant states have disintegrated, possibly irreversibly. The Gulf monarchies have embarked on far-reaching plans of economic and social change to stave off discontent. Egypt has retreated into military authoritarianism and a war on Islamists, threatening its future stability. Only the Maghreb countries, which have started integrating Islamists into their political systems, offer some hope for progress toward democracy. Marina and David Ottaway have brought together fifty years of experience observing the Arab world, and a wealth of first-hand information gathered from living and travelling extensively in the region. A Tale of Four Worlds is an indispensable analysis of the profound upheavals that have shaken—and continue to transform—Arab and global politics.

The surge of ethnic and sectarian strife in Syria and across the Middle East has led a number of analysts to predict the coming breakup of many Arab states. This potential upending of the region's territorial order has come to be known as 'the end of Sykes-Picot,' a reference to the secret 1916 Anglo-French agreement to divide up the Middle Eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire into British and French zones of control. Because the European treaties that created new Arab states in the aftermath of World War I upheld the outlines of that agreement, Sykes-Picot became the convenient shorthand for the map that colonial powers imposed on the region, one that has remained essentially constant to the present day. Adapted from the source document.